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GIT分布式版本控制系统 | 命令讲解入门

news 来源：原创 2024/4/23 21:22:33

Git概述

Git是一个开源的分布式版本控制系统，可以有效、高速地处理从很小到非常大的项目版本管理。也是Linus Torvalds为了帮助管理Linux内核开发而开发的一个开放源码的版本控制软件；分布式相比于集中式的最大区别在于开发者可以提交到本地，每个开发者通过克隆（git clone），在本地机器上拷贝一个完整的Git仓库。

Git常用命令

命令名称	作用
git config --global user.name 用户名	设置用户签名
git congfig --global user.email 邮箱	设置用户邮箱
git init	初始化本地库
git status	查看本地库状态
git add 文件名	添加到缓存区
git commit -m “日志信息” 文件名	提交到本地库
git reflog	查看历史记录
git reset --hard 版本号	版本穿梭

工作区(写代码) == git add ==》暂存区(临时存储) == git commit == 》本地库(历史版本)

设置用户签名/邮箱

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 ~/Desktop
$ git config --global user.name weishuo

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 ~/Desktop
$ git config --global user.email weishuo@weishuo.com

初始化本地库——git init

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in D:/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo/.git/

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$

查看本地库状态——git status

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git status
On branch master	#当前本地库分支位置

No commits yet		#目前没有文件要提交

nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track) 	#未提交，且无文件提交


ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        hello.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

添加暂存区——git add

git add 文件名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory


ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   hello.txt

文件删除暂存区——rm --cached

rm --cached 文件名

#删除暂存区，仍然存在工作区
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git rm --cached hello.txt
rm 'hello.txt'

提交本地库——git commit -m

将暂存区文件提交到本地库

git commit -m “日志信息” 文件名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git commit -m "first commit" hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory
[master (root-commit) 26da280] first commit
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 hello.txt

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

查看版本信息——git reflog

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git reflog
26da280 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit (initial): first commit
#版本号													版本

查看版本详细信息——git log

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git log
commit 26da28016adaee50fc76b4be71fbf2b4b3fda929 (HEAD -> master)
Author: weishuo <weishuo@weishuo.com>
Date:   Tue Apr 12 21:53:00 2022 +0800

    first commit

版本穿梭——git reset --hard 版本号

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git reset --hard ffce8cd
HEAD is now at ffce8cd second commit

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git reflog
ffce8cd (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to ffce8cd
534cbd3 HEAD@{1}: commit: third commit
ffce8cd (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: second commit
26da280 HEAD@{3}: commit (initial): first commit

分支的操作

命令名称	作用
git branch 分支名	创建分支
git branch -v	查看当前分支
git checkout 分支名	切换分支
git merge 分支名	把指定的分支合并到当前分支上

查看当前分支——git branch -v

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git branch -v
* master 534cbd3 third commit

创建分支——git branch 分支名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git branch hot-fix

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git branch -v
  hot-fix 534cbd3 third commit
* master  534cbd3 third commit

切换分支——git checkout 分支名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git checkout hot-fix
Switched to branch 'hot-fix'

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (hot-fix)
$

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (hot-fix)
$ git branch -v
* hot-fix 534cbd3 third commit
  master  534cbd3 third commit

合并分支——git merge 分支名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git merge hot-fix
Updating 534cbd3..017517e
Fast-forward
 hello.txt | 13 +++----------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

合并分支(冲突合并)

检测有文件有两处修改

显示冲突

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git merge hot-fix
Auto-merging hello.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master|MERGING)
$

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master|MERGING)
$ git status
On branch master
You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
        both modified:   hello.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

冲突合并

# 1.查看冲突代码
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master|MERGING)
$ vim hello.txt
# <<<< HEAD  当前分支代码
# <<<< HEAD 当前分支代码	=======
# ======= 合并分支代码   >>>>>>> hot-fix
#删除特殊符号 以及 重复代码

#2.添加到暂存区
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master|MERGING)
$ git add hello.txt

#3.提交本地库(不能带文件名)
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master|MERGING)
$ git commit -m "marge test"
fatal: cannot do a partial commit during a merge.

#4.切换分支查看
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git checkout hot-fix
Switched to branch 'hot-fix'

#冲突合并，合并当前分支，不合并被合并分支
# head ---> master(分支内容)--->版本号
# HEAD决定当前分支

Git团队协作

在这里插入图片描述

命令名称	作用
git remote -v	查看当前所有进程地址别名
git remote add 别名远程地址	起别名
git push 别名分支	推送本地分支上的内容到远程仓库
git push 远程地址分支	推送本地分支上的内容到远程仓库
git clone 远程地址	将远程仓库的内容克隆到本地
git pull 远程库地址别名远程分支名	将远程仓库对于分支最新内容拉下来后与当前本地分支直接合并
git push -f 远程库地址别名远程分支名	强制推送

创建远程库别名

git remote -v #查看当前所有进程地址别名
git remote add 别名远程地址 #起别名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (hot-fix)
$ git remote -v

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (hot-fix)
$ git remote add git.demo https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (hot-fix)
$ git remote -v
git.demo        https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git (fetch)
git.demo        https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git (push)

推送本地分支上的内容到远程仓库

git push 别名分支 #推送本地分支上的内容到远程仓库

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git push git.demo master
Enumerating objects: 21, done.
Counting objects: 100% (21/21), done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (14/14), done.
Writing objects: 100% (21/21), 1.55 KiB | 792.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 21 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (4/4), done.
To https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git
 * [new branch]      master -> master

拉取远程库到本地库

git pull 远程库地址别名远程分支名

$ git pull git@gitee.com:wei-shuo-red/travel.git master --allow-unrelated-histories

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git pull git.demo master
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 649 bytes | 64.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo
 * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
   b129c29..d40c0cd  master     -> git.demo/master
Updating b129c29..d40c0cd
Fast-forward
 hello.txt | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

克隆远程库到本地库

git clone 远程地址将远程仓库的内容克隆到本地

clone操作：
1.拉取代码
2.初始化本地库
3.创建别名

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-lhc
$ git clone https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git
Cloning into 'git-demo'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 27, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (27/27), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (14/14), done.
remote: Total 27 (delta 6), reused 20 (delta 4), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (27/27), done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (6/6), done.

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-lhc
$ ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 ws199 197609 0 Apr 17 14:27 git-demo/

#创建别名
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-lhc/git-demo (master)
$ git remote  -v
origin  https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git (fetch)
origin  https://github.com/weishuoHH/git-demo.git (push)

GitHub免密登录

生成ssh免密登录命令 -t "以某种加密算法登录 -C "描述

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 ~
$ ssh-keygen.exe -t rsa -C weishuoHH@weishuo.com
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/c/Users/ws199/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/c/Users/ws199/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /c/Users/ws199/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /c/Users/ws199/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:CVIbj1aIxRUz8t0m7WXpzBqwJ6RzNHze+B5dd5Jyiwk weishuoHH@weishuo.com
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|     +=o*.       |
|    ..oO = o   . |
|    . = o O = +  |
|     o . = X O . |
|        S E B O +|
|         o + O ++|
|            + + .|
|             . . |
|              .  |
+----[SHA256]-----+

ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 ~
$

#通过ssh拉去远程库代码
ws199@DESKTOP-2N1I9JA MINGW64 /d/GIT/Git-Space/git.demo (master)
$ git pull git@github.com:weishuoHH/git-demo.git master
The authenticity of host 'github.com (20.205.243.166)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:+DiY3wvvV6TuJJhbpZisF/zLDA0zPMSvHdkr4UvCOqU.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? y
Please type 'yes', 'no' or the fingerprint: yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
From github.com:weishuoHH/git-demo
 * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
Already up to date.